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Category: Diagnostics

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06/16/2026
mariusmozaDiagnostics

In-Clinic Feline Diagnostics: Cobalamin, Folate & Thyroid Testing 

Based on clinical insights from Dr. Gary Oswald’s webinar, If Cats Were in Charge: Feline In-Clinic Tests They Would Want You to Know About * 

In-clinic feline diagnostics have changed what’s possible in a single appointment. A cat comes in with weight loss, chronic soft stools, and a dull coat — the signs could point to a dozen different conditions. Previously, the visit often ended the same way: draw blood, send it out, wait two to three days, then call the client with a plan. For cats who deteriorate quickly, that gap matters. Running cobalamin, folate, and thyroid panels at the point of care means the diagnostic question and the diagnostic answer can live in the same appointment — with results in hand before the cat leaves the building. 

Why Cobalamin Testing Belongs in Your Feline Workup 

Cobalamin — more commonly known as vitamin B12 — is a required co-factor in the citric acid cycle, plays an essential role in methionine synthase pathways for protein synthesis, and supports antioxidant function. Unlike dogs or humans, cats cannot synthesize cobalamin endogenously and are entirely dependent on dietary intake. They also have extremely limited hepatic storage capacity, with a half-life of less than two weeks. This means that when a cat’s intake or absorption is compromised, cobalamin deficiency can develop rapidly — and the consequences can be significant. For a thorough review of cobalamin’s role in small animal health, see Cobalamin in Veterinary Health and Disease in Today’s Veterinary Practice. 

Deficiency most commonly presents in cats with chronic intestinal disease, where the complex absorption pathway for cobalamin breaks down. Cobalamin is released from dietary protein in the stomach, bound to haptocorrin (the R protein) for transit through the acidic gastric environment, then transferred to intrinsic factor — primarily produced by the feline pancreas — in the small intestine. Intrinsic factor carries cobalamin to cubilin receptors on ileal enterocytes for absorption into the bloodstream. Any disruption along this pathway can result in deficiency. 

Clinical Presentations Associated with Cobalamin Deficiency 

The most common presentation is chronic small intestinal disease — including inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphoma, food-responsive enteropathy, dysbiosis, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Clinical signs mirror any chronic gastrointestinal disorder: weight loss, poor body condition, reduced appetite, soft stools or diarrhea, and intermittent vomiting. In younger cats, cobalamin deficiency may manifest as failure to thrive. In some cases, inadequate cobalamin impairs ammonia processing, resulting in central neuropathies that may resemble hepatic encephalopathy — making it worth considering cobalamin status in cats where a portosystemic shunt is suspected but cannot be confirmed. 

Once a cat becomes cobalamin deficient, the deficiency itself tends to accelerate intestinal disease progression — a compounding cycle that makes early identification and supplementation both a diagnostic and therapeutic priority. 

Interpreting Cobalamin Results and Supplementation Protocols 

Cobalamin testing requires a fasted serum sample (8–12 hours) to avoid falsely elevated results. The reference interval is >290 ng/L. Cats below 400 ng/L — even within the technical reference range — are at risk and should be considered candidates for supplementation. Below 290 ng/L indicates true deficiency; below 150 ng/L indicates tissue-level depletion with active clinical signs almost certainly present. 

Supplementation can be delivered via subcutaneous injection or orally. For injectable protocols, cats under 5 kg receive 250 mcg and cats over 5 kg receive 400 mcg, given weekly for six weeks with a recheck at week 14. Oral supplementation runs at 250 mcg daily for 12 continuous weeks, with reassessment at week 16. In both cases, the target at recheck is a supratherapeutic blood level confirming adequate resp supplementation onse. If underlying disease is ongoing — lymphoma, IBD, EPI — maintenance is typically continued long-term. There is no meaningful risk of over-supplementation; excess cobalamin is excreted. 

Folate as a Biomarker for Intestinal Localization 

Folate (vitamin B9) rarely produces systemic illness in felines on its own, and cats can obtain it from a broad range of dietary sources as well as from intestinal microbiota synthesis. Its real diagnostic value is as a biomarker — specifically, a spatial indicator of where intestinal dysfunction is occurring. The normal reference range for feline folate is 9.7–21.6 mcg/L, and deviations in either direction carry distinct clinical meaning. 

Elevated folate above 21.6 mcg/L is not clinically harmful, but it reliably signals dysbiosis. When bacteria in the intestinal microbiome produce excessive folate, serum levels rise — pointing to a disrupted microbiome that warrants dietary evaluation, probiotic or prebiotic therapy, and in persistent cases, fecal microbial transplant. Low folate below 9.7 mcg/L tells a different story entirely. Because folate is only absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, hypofolatemia specifically implicates upper small intestinal disease — and is a direct prompt to image the upper GI tract, run a feline pancreatic lipase assay, and determine whether the workup should proceed toward biopsy or immunosuppressive therapy. 

As the Merck Veterinary Manual notes, folate is absorbed primarily by the proximal small intestine while cobalamin is absorbed distally — making the two tests a practical spatial diagnostic tool when run together. Zomedica recently expanded the TRUFORMA® in-clinic biosensor testing platform to include feline use for this multiplexed cobalamin and folate assay, previously available for canine patients only, delivering both results in under 25 minutes. 

Feline Hyperthyroidism: Choosing the Right Thyroid Tests 

Feline hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in older cats, and total T4 remains the standard first-line screening test. A T4 above 3.82 mcg/dL in a cat with appropriate clinical signs — weight loss, poor body condition, PUPD, panting, hyperactivity, vomiting — is highly consistent with hyperthyroidism, with sensitivity around 91% and specificity above 99%. For straightforward presentations, a single elevated T4 in the right clinical context is diagnostically sufficient. 

But a meaningful subset of cases are not straightforward. Cats with concurrent illness — IBD, chronic kidney disease, cardiac disease — can have T4 values suppressed into the normal range despite active hyperthyroidism. Early or subclinical cases fluctuate in and out of the reference range. Cats with palpable thyroid nodules may present with a normal T4 entirely. The 2016 AAFP Guidelines for the Management of Feline Hyperthyroidism organize these challenging cases into distinct diagnostic categories — each requiring a different approach — underscoring why a second, confirmatory test is often essential. 

Why Total T4 + Feline-Optimized TSH Is the Right Combination 

In hyperthyroidism, autonomous T4 production suppresses TSH through negative feedback — and this suppression occurs early, often before T4 has risen significantly above the reference range. A sensitive TSH assay that detects pituitary suppression can therefore serve as a confirmatory test even in cats with borderline T4 values. 

Free T4 by equilibrium dialysis has been proposed as an alternative, but its specificity drops to approximately 85% — meaning up to 15% of cats without hyperthyroidism will test high. A high free T4 alone cannot confirm disease. For these reasons, free T4 is not a reliable standalone confirmatory test, and combining it with total T4 still leaves a meaningful diagnostic gap. 

The Assay Sensitivity Problem — and How Feline-Optimized TSH Solves It 

The traditional canine TSH assay used at reference laboratories has a lower limit of detection of 0.03 ng/mL. But the normal TSH range in cats extends down to 0.01 ng/mL — meaning many confirmed hyperthyroid cats fall below the canine assay’s detection threshold and are indistinguishable from cats with low-normal TSH due to non-thyroidal illness. The resulting performance numbers reflect this limitation: the canine chemiluminescent assay achieves only 79% sensitivity, 76% specificity, and a 21% positive predictive value for feline hyperthyroidism. That is not adequate for clinical confirmation. 

The TRUFORMA in-clinic biosensor testing platform uses bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technology to run a feline-optimized TSH assay with a lower limit of detection of 0.008 ng/mL — well below the threshold where feline hyperthyroid cats become undetectable on the canine assay. Independent validation data show 90% sensitivity, 98% specificity, and a positive predictive value of approximately 87%. A cat with a TSH below 0.01 ng/mL has strong evidence of hyperthyroidism; a cat above 0.01 ng/mL is more likely euthyroid or suffering from a non-thyroidal illness. Running T4 and feline-optimized TSH together takes less than 40 minutes in-clinic and delivers a clear, evidence-based path forward. As Today’s Veterinary Business notes, the TRUFORMA platform was specifically developed to provide reference laboratory accuracy at the point of care using BAW technology — the same approach used in telecommunications and aerospace for decades. 

Using TSH to Monitor Post-Treatment Thyroid Status 

TSH testing is not only valuable at diagnosis — it plays an equally important role in monitoring cats following radioiodine (I-131) therapy or methimazole treatment. Up to 50% of cats treated with radioiodine experience transient iatrogenic hypothyroidism in the first 30 to 60 days. The clinical signs — weight gain, reduced activity, normal appetite — are easily confused with successful treatment response, making laboratory monitoring essential rather than optional. Cornell University’s Feline Health Center notes that radioiodine is curative in approximately 95% of hyperthyroid cases, which makes preserving renal function post-treatment a primary long-term concern. 

Recommended post-treatment monitoring includes T4, TSH, and a renal panel at days 30, 60, 90, and 180. Successful treatment looks like T4 in the normal range (above 1.5 mcg/dL), TSH returning to a detectable level as the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis recovers, and stable creatinine. Cats with persistently low T4 and elevated TSH above 0.15 ng/mL at the 6-month mark should be started on levothyroxine. Any cat showing rising creatinine or SDMA in the context of low T4 and elevated TSH should be supplemented earlier — protecting GFR is the priority. 

The Case for Point-of-Care Testing in Feline Medicine 

Send-out laboratory testing is reliable — but it introduces delays that shift decision-making out of the appointment and into a follow-up phone call. The visit ends without direction and treatment starts a day later than it could have. For cats who deteriorate quickly, especially those with active cobalamin deficiency and concurrent intestinal disease, that gap has clinical consequences. 

Every day a result is delayed is a day treatment doesn’t start. Point-of-care testing eliminates that gap entirely. Cobalamin supplementation can be initiated before the cat leaves the building. A low folate result prompts an immediate conversation about upper GI imaging while the client is still in the room. A suppressed TSH alongside an elevated T4 opens the door to a same-visit discussion of methimazole versus radioiodine referral. That kind of real-time clinical reasoning is better for patients, more satisfying for clients, and more efficient for the practice. 

The TRUFORMA in-clinic biosensor testing platform runs quantitative immunoassays using bulk acoustic wave technology — a non-optical, fluorescence-free detection method that is less susceptible to the interference risks associated with chemiluminescent or enzyme-linked assays. Hemolysis and lipemia, which can affect send-out sample integrity, are thought to have less impact on BAW-based results. The platform currently supports feline cobalamin, folate, total T4, and feline-optimized TSH, plus additional assays for canine diagnostic testing. More than 18 veterinary universities currently use the platform. 

Conclusion 

Feline medicine demands diagnostic tools that match how cats present: subtly, quickly, and often with multiple conditions in play. The ability to run cobalamin, folate, and a feline-optimized thyroid panel in-clinic — and have results before the appointment ends — is not just a workflow improvement. It is a clinical edge. The feline-optimized TSH assay in particular addresses a gap that has frustrated practitioners for years, providing a confirmatory result for hyperthyroidism that the canine assay could not reliably deliver. For any practice seeing a meaningful volume of feline patients, in-clinic access to these tests is one of the higher-impact diagnostic upgrades available today. 


Ready to learn more? Explore TRUFORMA® assays and see how point-of-care biosensor testing can support your feline patients. Visit zomedica.com to learn more about the TRUFORMA in-clinic biosensor testing platform. 

©2026 Zomedica Inc. All rights reserved. TRUFORMA is a registered trademark of Zomedica Inc. 

*Dr. Oswald is a paid consultant for Zomedica, Inc. 

 
Disclaimer: The information provided on this blog is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical guidance. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before making any health‑related decisions. 

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06/16/2026
mariusmozaDiagnostics

Why High-Frequency Temperature Monitoring Is Critical in Veterinary Medicine 

Body temperature is one of the most fundamental indicators of health in veterinary patients and one of the most underutilized. Accurate and consistent temperature monitoring is far more than a routine step in a physical exam. It is a cornerstone of animal health assessment across every clinical context: the neonate, the anesthetized surgical patient, the hospitalized ICU case, the animal presenting for a routine wellness visit. In each of these settings, temperature provides essential insight into thermoregulation, immune status, metabolic activity, and overall physiological stability. 

In a field where patients cannot verbally describe how they feel, vigilant temperature assessment is indispensable. This article explores what abnormal temperature values indicate, when monitoring is most critical, the limitations of traditional approaches, and how high frequency remote monitoring technology is expanding what is clinically possible. 

What Body Temperature Tells Us About Animal Health 

Temperature reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss. Even small deviations from normal can signal disease, stress, environmental exposure, or metabolic dysfunction. Because normal ranges vary by species, age, and physiological state, trend monitoring over time is often more clinically valuable than a single reading. A temperature that is numerically within range may still be abnormal for a specific patient if it represents a meaningful deviation from their individual baseline. 

Fever vs. Hyperthermia: Understanding Elevated Temperature in Veterinary Patients 

Elevated body temperature arises from two distinct mechanisms — and differentiating between them matters clinically. The treatment approach, urgency, and underlying workup are different for each. 

Fever (Pyrexia) 

Fever occurs when the hypothalamic set point is elevated in response to circulating endogenous or exogenous pyrogens. This is a regulated heat elevation — the body is intentionally raising its own temperature as part of an immune response. Common causes include infection, immune-mediated disease, neoplasia, drug reactions, and inflammatory disorders. While fever can be a protective mechanism that enhances immune cell efficiency and inhibits pathogen replication, sustained high fever increases metabolic demand, contributes to dehydration, and can lead to systemic complications if left unaddressed. 

Hyperthermia 

Hyperthermia occurs when excessive heat production or environmental heat load overwhelms the body’s cooling mechanisms, while the hypothalamic set point remains unchanged. This is unregulated heat elevation. Common scenarios include heatstroke, overexertion in brachycephalic or respiratory-compromised patients, toxin exposure, malignant hyperthermia, and airway or neurologic disease that limits heat dissipation — such as laryngeal paralysis. Hyperthermia, particularly in the context of heatstroke, can be life-threatening and requires immediate identification and intervention. 

Hypothermia: An Equally Important and Frequently Overlooked Concern 

Lower-than-normal body temperature carries significant clinical risk — particularly in small patients, neonates, and geriatric animals, all of whom are highly susceptible to heat loss. Common causes of hypothermia include environmental exposure, shock or sepsis, anesthesia and sedation, endocrine disease, and severe malnutrition. 

Hypothermia is dangerous because it slows metabolism, decreases drug clearance, alters coagulation, reduces cardiac output, and impairs immune function. In neonates, hypothermia can deteriorate rapidly due to limited glycogen reserves and the inability to shiver. Early recognition is essential — outcomes are significantly better when hypothermia is identified and addressed before it becomes severe. 

Temperature Monitoring During Anesthesia 

Few clinical situations demand more diligence to temperature than the anesthetized patient. All anesthetic agents impair thermoregulation to some degree. Most anesthetized patients experience a combination of heat loss mechanisms: vasodilation, a decreased or absent shivering response, exposure of body cavities during surgery, conductive and evaporative loss from the table surface, and the administration of room-temperature intravenous fluids. 

Unaddressed perioperative hypothermia is not a minor inconvenience — it increases the risk of prolonged recovery, bradycardia, hypotension, coagulopathy, altered drug metabolism, and postoperative infection. Frequent temperature monitoring during anesthesia, ideally in real time, allows the surgical and recovery teams to detect trends early and intervene before hypothermia becomes a patient safety concern. 

Monitoring temperature at induction, at regular intervals throughout the procedure, and during recovery gives clinicians the information they need to make timely decisions about warming support — without waiting for visible clinical signs of deterioration. 

Temperature Monitoring in the ICU and Hospitalized Patient 

Hospitalized patients — particularly those in intensive care — benefit significantly from frequent temperature assessment. Abnormal temperature trends often precede observable clinical deterioration, which makes temperature an early warning indicator rather than a lagging one. 

In critical care, temperature is not merely a number — it is a dynamic indicator of shifting physiology. A patient whose temperature is trending downward at 3:00 a.m. is giving the care team information, even before other vital signs change. High-frequency monitoring enables earlier detection of sepsis or infection, provides real-time insight into response to treatment, helps evaluate perfusion and metabolic status, and can identify complications such as transfusion reactions or adverse drug responses before they escalate. 

The challenge is that the frequency of monitoring required to capture these trends is often impractical with manual rectal thermometry alone — particularly during overnight hours or periods of high patient volume. 

Challenges in Traditional Temperature Measurement 

Rectal thermometry remains the clinical gold standard for accuracy, but it comes with practical limitations that affect how consistently and frequently it can be used: 

  • Patient stress and fractious behavior: Repeated handling increases anxiety in fearful or painful patients and can introduce inaccuracy into readings by elevating temperature through stress response. 
  • Staff safety: Aggressive patients present real risk during restraint for temperature assessment. 
  • Disruption to rest and recovery: Patients recovering from surgery or managing critical illness need undisturbed rest. Frequent manual checks interfere with that. 
  • Infection control: Rectal thermometry requires contact and equipment management that adds to cleaning burden and introduces cross-contamination risk in isolation settings. 
  • Staffing constraints: The frequency of monitoring that would be most clinically valuable is often not achievable given real-world staffing levels and competing demands on veterinary teams. 

These limitations do not diminish the value of manual temperature assessment — they highlight the need for complementary approaches, particularly for high frequency monitoring or in patients where frequent handling is contraindicated. 

How Remote Monitoring Technology Is Changing What Is Possible 

Modern veterinary medicine is increasingly adopting monitoring tools that allow clinicians to capture temperature data more continuously, more safely, and with less disruption to the patient. Radar-based and infrared technologies have made it possible to monitor body temperature without physical contact — reducing stress, improving staff safety, and enabling uninterrupted data collection. 

Zomedica’s VETGuardian PLUS™ Remote Monitor uses this approach to provide high-frequency, contactless temperature monitoring alongside pulse and respiration rate. Because it does not require repeated patient handling, the VETGuardian PLUS monitor is particularly well-suited for surgical recovery, ICU monitoring, and patients who cannot be safely or comfortably handled at regular intervals. Configurable alert thresholds allow the care team to be notified when values fall outside expected ranges — supporting earlier intervention without requiring constant manual checks. 

The ability to monitor more patients more consistently, with less disruption and less burden on clinical staff, represents a meaningful shift in what high-frequency monitoring looks like in practice. 

Conclusion 

Temperature monitoring is one of the simplest and most powerful tools in veterinary medicine. It provides early clues to underlying disease, guides therapeutic decision-making, and ensures patient safety across a wide range of clinical scenarios — from anesthesia care to critical illness to routine wellness visits. 

As technologies that support high frequency and contactless monitoring continue to evolve, veterinarians gain increasing ability to monitor temperature with greater frequency, greater accuracy, and less stress to the patient. Whether measured through traditional rectal thermometry or via emerging remote systems, temperature remains a foundational vital sign — one that no clinician can afford to overlook. 

Learn more about the VETGuardian PLUS™ Remote Monitor at zomedica.com. 

© 2026 Zomedica Inc. All rights reserved. The VETGuardian PLUS™ Remote Monitor is a registered trademark of Zomedica Inc. 

 Disclaimer: The information provided on this blog is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical guidance. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before making any health‑related decisions.

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feline hyperthyroidism
11/20/2023
brianDiagnosticsFeline HealthTRUFORMA

How TRUFORMA Improves Feline Hyperthyroidism Detection: A Game-Changer for Veterinary Diagnostics

Feline hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in cats, but diagnosing it accurately has often been a challenge. Traditionally, testing methods for feline hyperthyroidism relied on canine reference ranges, which may not provide precise results for our feline friends. However, with the advent of TRUFORMA, a cutting-edge diagnostic system, veterinarians now have access to the first and only feline-optimized TSH assay, a game-changer in the diagnosis of this condition.

Understanding Feline Hyperthyroidism

Feline hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4), by the thyroid gland. This excess of thyroid hormones can lead to a range of symptoms including weight loss, increased appetite, restlessness, and hyperactivity. It is crucial to diagnose hyperthyroidism accurately and early, as untreated cases can lead to severe complications, including heart disease and kidney problems.

The History of Feline Hyperthyroidism Testing

The history of diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism has not been without its challenges. Many traditional tests were designed using canine reference ranges, which are not always applicable to cats. This can result in inaccurate diagnoses and unnecessary confusion for veterinarians. The need for a more precise and cat-specific approach has been a long-standing concern.

TRUFORMA: A New Era in Feline Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis

TRUFORMA is a diagnostic platform that leverages bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensor technology to provide highly precise and sensitive measurements, surpassing the capabilities of optical-based diagnostic methods. This innovative system is changing the game in diagnosing complex thyroid and adrenal conditions.

The Feline-Optimized TSH Assay

One of TRUFORMA’s standout features is its feline optimized TSH assay, which has transformed the diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism. Here’s why this assay is a game-changer:

Early Detection: With TRUFORMA, veterinarians can proactively create a thyroid profile in healthy adult cats between 5-8 years of age, making it easier to spot the onset of hyperthyroidism.

Diagnosing Earlier: TRUFORMA can identify early to mild hyperthyroidism in 10-40% of cats that may have normal T4 levels, allowing for swifter intervention and better outcomes.

Iatrogenic Hypothyroidism (IH) Monitoring: TRUFORMA’s TSH assay excels at differentiating iatrogenic hypothyroidism (a condition caused by treatment) from chronic kidney disease (CKD), even in cases where age and non-thyroidal illness do not affect TSH levels.

Wide Dynamic Range: The feline optimized TSH assay accurately measures the very low normal concentrations expected for cats, a range that other commercial TSH assays may not capture, ensuring a more precise diagnosis.

A More Confident Diagnosis

With TRUFORMA’s feline optimized TSH assay, veterinarians can diagnose feline hyperthyroidism with confidence and accuracy. This breakthrough technology, combined with the convenience of in-clinic testing, empowers veterinarians to provide the best care for their feline patients.

TRUFORMA’s feline optimized TSH assay is a significant milestone in the diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism. It not only allows for earlier detection but also ensures a more accurate and cat-specific approach to testing. With this innovative technology at their disposal, veterinarians can confidently and efficiently diagnose feline hyperthyroidism, improving the health and well-being of their feline patients.
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